In addition, chronotype is both age- and sex-dependent. However, when the two are analysed separately for work and free days, sleep duration strongly depends on chronotype. The timing and duration of sleep are generally independent. As a result of this large survey, we established an algorithm which optimises chronotype assessment by incorporating the information on timing of sleep and wakefulness for both work and free days. So far, more than 55,000 people have completed the MCTQ, which has been validated with respect to the Horne–Østberg morningness–eveningness questionnaire (MEQ), objective measures of activity and rest (sleep-logs and actimetry), and physiological parameters. To investigate the epidemiology of the human circadian clock, we developed a simple questionnaire (Munich ChronoType Questionnaire, MCTQ) to assess chronotype. The relationship between the circadian system and different ‘‘chronotypes’’ is formally and genetically well established in experimental studies in organisms ranging from unicells to mammals. This distribution is predominantly based on differences in an individuals’ circadian clock. Sleep and wake times show a near-Gaussian distribution in a given population, with extreme early types waking up when extreme late types fall asleep.
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